Английский язык: Сборник текстов и упражнений. Дьякова Н.П. - 14 стр.

   IV. Answer the questions.
    1. What part have Russian fisheries traditionally played?
    2. Why are fish products so valuable?
    3. What are the characteristics of fishing industry of Soviet time?
    4. How many kilograms of fish did Soviet people consumpt in Soviet time?
    5. When did the Soviet Union’s catches drop?
    6. Why did the Soviet Union manage to keep its fish landing level?
    7. What was the result of the reforms 1990–1992?
    8. When was the Federal Program named «Fish» adopted?
    9. What’s the substance of the program?

   V. Summarize the text.


                            Text 5
           MARINE PROTECTED AREAS/ MARINE RESERVES:
              OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE BERING SEA?

    Earlier in the conferences we talked about a variety of problems with declin-
ing fish stocks in the Bering Sea and around the world. Indeed, industrial scale
fishing has transformed the sea, in many cases, depleting species and destroying
habitats. But now, new approaches are being developed that enhance both conser-
vation and fisheries. Around the world, marine protected areas are increasingly
being applied as tools to benefit biodiversity conservation while also improving
fisheries productivity.
    In fisheries management, there are a variety of types of marine protected
areas. These might include temporary closures to allow for depleted stocks to
recuperate. One type of marine protected area is the fully-protected marine
reserves.
    Although there is less information from northern marine ecosystems about the
effects of marine reserves, there is growing evidence that marine reserves can be
extremely beneficial to fishes. Reserves can offer the following benefits:
    1. Fully protected reserves enhance the production of off spring which can res-
tock the fishing grounds. Reserves can allow for individuals to live longer and
grow larger, producing more eggs than smaller fish. Thus in addition to increase
in average body size, reserves offer increase population densities.
    2. Fully protected reserves allow for «spillover» of adults and juveniles into
fishing grounds. As number and biomass of fish within a reserve increases, the
fish will start to move out of the reserves and into fishing grounds.
    3. Marine reserves provide a refuge for vulnerable species. Foe example, some
species are very vulnerable to fishing and may be unable to persist even where
fishing pressure is light. In such cases, no-take zones offer an important refuge.
    4. Fully-protected reserves prevent habitat damage. Excluding activities such
as mining, dredging, trawling, bout groundings, even activities such as scuba di-
ving in certain environments – is important for protected ecosystems and the
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