Мировая экономика и международный бизнес. Филиппова И.А. - 41 стр.

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162
ɉɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ (intermediary) – ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (most favored nation,
MFN) – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫ-
ɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ɉɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɵ (protectionists) – ɫɦ. ɇɟɨɦɟɪɤɚɧɬɢɥɢɫɬɵ.
ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ (direct e x c h a n g e rate), ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ
ɤɨɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ (direct quote), – ɷɬɨ ɰɟɧɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢ-
ɰɚɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ.
ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ (direct exchange rate) – ɰɟɧɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɚɥɸɬɭ; ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ-
ɟɦ «ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɨɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ».
ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ (direct exporting) – ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚɦ (ɥɢɛɨ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɶɸɬɨɪɚɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ (foreign direct investments, FDI) –
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ; ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪ ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 10% ɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ.
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (regional development banks) – ɛɚɧɤɢ,
ɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ.
Ɋɟɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ (reexporting) – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɜɵɜɨɡɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ.
Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ (Treaty of Rome) – ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ 1957 ɝ., ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ȿɗɋ; ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɨ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ 15.
Ɋɨɹɥɬɢ (royalty) – ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ, ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɚɬɨɦ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɚɪɭ
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ (free trade) – ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ɋɜɨɩ-ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ (swap transaction) – ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɟ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ (ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ) ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ (flexible (floating) ex-
change rate system) – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɫɵ ɜɚɥɸɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧ-
ɫɚ (balance of payments accounting system, BOP) – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
163
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ (fixed exchange rate) – ɦɟɠ-
ɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɚɥɸɬɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɋɦɢɬɫɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ (Smithsonian Conference) – ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɟ (ɨɤɪɭɝ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ) ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 1971 ɝ., ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ
ɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɢɡɦɟ-
ɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɚɥɸɬɚɦɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ.
ɋɨɜɟɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ (Council of the European Union) – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ȿɋ; ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 15 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɟɧ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ.
ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ (joint venture) – ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɨɸɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɸɪɢɞɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ Mercosur (Mercosur Accord) – ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ, Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ, ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɣ ɢ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣ; Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɹ, ɑɢɥɢ ɢ
ɉɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ.
ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ (export promotion) – ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɢɬɢɹ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ.
ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɋɇȽ (Commonwealth of Inde-
pendent States, CIS) – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ 12 ɛɵɜɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦɢ
ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ,
ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (special drawing rights, SDR) – ɦɟɠ-
ɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɰɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɆȼɎ; ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚ-
ɧɢɟɦ «ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɨ».
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ (specific tariff) – ɬɚɪɢɮ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɟɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
ɋɩɨɬ-ɪɵɧɨɤ (spot market) – ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɟ
ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ.
ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ (fair trade) – ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ-
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ; ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ.
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ɋɬɟɪɥɢɧɝɨɜɵɣ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ (sterling-based gold standard) – ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɮɭɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪ-
ɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦ.
ɋɱɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ (official reserves account) – ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɥɚ-
ɬɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ɋɱɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ (capital account) – ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɋɱɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɜ (errors and omissions account) – ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɥɚ-
ɬɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɵɣ ɛɚ-
ɥɚɧɫ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ: ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ + ɫɱɟɬ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ + ɫɱɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ + ɫɱɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɭɫɤɨɜ = 0.
ɋɱɟɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ (current account) – ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɢ ɢɦ-
ɩɨɪɬɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɨɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɨ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ.
Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ (customs union) – ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ
ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɢ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɸɡɚ.
Ɍɚɪɢɮ (tariff) – ɩɨɲɥɢɧɚ, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟ-
ɬɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ.
Ɍɚɪɢɮɧɚɹ ɤɜɨɬɚ (tariff rate quota, TRQ) – ɜɢɞ ɤɜɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚ-
ɝɚɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢ-
ɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ; ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɤɜɨɬɵ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ (theory of absolute advantage) – ɬɟɨ-
ɪɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɭɬɜɟɪ-
ɠɞɟɧɢɸ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɋɦɢɬɚ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (internalization theory) – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɢɧɜɟ-
ɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ
ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ (ownership advantage theory) – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
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ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ (public choice analysis) – ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ (country similarity theory) – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-
ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (theory of relative factor
endowments) – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ; ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ «ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɏɟɤɲɟɪɚɈɥɢɧɚ».
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ (theory of comparative advantage) –
ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ (strategic trade theory) – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɫɨ-
ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɪ-
ɝɨɜɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɦɨɧɨɩɨ-
ɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɏɟɤɲɟɪɚɈɥɢɧɚ (Hecksher-Ohlin theory) – ɫɦ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɭɧɞ (Uruguay Round) – ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ GATT
(1986-1994 ɝɝ.), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-
ɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɢ-
ɥɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɏɨɪɜɚɪɞɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ (forward market) – ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɵ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ
ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ.
Ɏɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ (franchising) – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɥɢ-
ɰɟɧɡɢɚɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɚɪɚ.
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ (Mone-
tary and Economic Community of Central Africa, CEMAC) – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧ-
ɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɷɤɨɧɨ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ.
ɗɤɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ (eclectic theory) – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡ-
ɧɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ: ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢ-