English for Masters in Economics. Маркушевская Л.П - 45 стр.

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Университет ИТМО | Санкт-Петербург

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Task 8. Find the Passive Voice constructions and translate the sentences.
1. Fees are charged at an hourly rate.
2. The MBA programmes are intended for those who already have
management experience and who are seeking to develop their careers.
3. Dissertations are written on the basis of the projects and then are
examined.
4. Theenthusiasmofcompaniesisreectedbytheawardofannual
cash prizes for leading companies to the top graduates.
5. Thebursariesarenancedbydonationsfromstaffandstudentsof
the University and the campus union.
6. A general graduate seminar in Economics is held regularly on Monday
afternoons in the term time.
7. Research was focused on the four major laws of Marketing.
Task 9. Make questions and answers in the Past Simple Passive using a verb
from the rst column and information from the second column.
Example:
to affect – ideas/ John Maynard Keynes
– What was affected by John Maynard
Keynes’s ideas?
– modern economics
– Modern economics
was affected by John
Maynard Keynes’s ideas.
QUESTIONS: ANSWERS:
1. To found
– 1944/ in the USA/as an
internationalnancial
institution.
1. The World Bank.
2. To describe
– Adam Smith/ 1776/ the
publication “The wealth of
nations”.
2. The effective birth of
economics as a separate
discipline.
3. To offer
– The theory of indifference
curves/Francis Ysidro Edge-
worth, Vilfredo Pareto.
3.Intherstpartofthe
20th century.
4. To turn
– Invention/into a business/
last year.
4. My invention.
5.Todene
– Marketing/ the Chartered
Institute of Marketing.
5. As “the management proc
-
ess responsible for identi-
fying, anticipating and sat-
isfying customer require-
mentsprotably.
6. To
accept
– Generally/ in a given country
orsocio-economiccontext/
for goods and services and
repayment of debts/ as pay-
ment.
6. Money.
45
Similarly, a large technology company uses several Web 2.0 tools to
improve collaboration with both its business partners and consumers.
Among other things, company employees have created wikis – Web sites
that allow users to add, delete and edit content – to list answers to fre-
quently asked questions about each product, and consumers have added
signicant contributions. For instance, within days of the release of a new
piece of software by the company, consumers spotted* a problem with
it and posted a way for users to deal with it. They later proposed a way
to x the problem, which the company adopted. Having those solutions
available so quickly showed customers that the company was on top of
problems with its products.
Give consumers a reason to participate
Consumers have to have some incentive to share their thoughts, opinions
and experiences on a company Web site.
One lure* is to make sure consumers can use the online community to
network among themselves on topics of their own choosing. That way the
site isn’t all about the company, it’s also about them. For instance, a toy
company that created a community of hundreds of mothers to solicit their
opinions and ideas on toys also enables them to write their own blogs on the
site, a feature that many use to discuss family issues.
Other companies provide more-direct incentives: cash rewards or prod-
ucts, some of which are available only to members of the online community.
Still others offer consumers peer recognition by awarding points each time
they post comments, answer questions or contribute to a wiki entry. Such
recognition not only encourages participation, but also has the benet of
allowing both the company and the other members of the community to
identify experts on various topics.
And, of course, it’s important to make a site as easy to use as possible.
For instance, there should be clear, simple instructions for consumers to set
up a blog or contribute to a wiki.
* interoperability – способность к взаимодействию
to spot – определять, устанавливать
lure – соблазн, притягательная сила

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