Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 36 стр.

                  GERMANIC BORROWINGS
                  English belongs to the Germanic group of languages and
            there are borrowings from Scandinavian, German and Holland
            languages, though their number is much less than borrowings
            from Romanic languages.
                  Scandinavian borrowings.
                  By the end of the Old English period English underwent a
            strong influence of Scandinavian due to the Scandinavian
            conquest of the British Isles. Scandinavians belonged to the same
            group of peoples as Englishmen and their languages had much in
            common. As the result of this conquest there are about 700
            borrowings from Scandinavian into English. Scandinavians and
            Englishmen had the same way of life , their cultural level was the
            same, they had much in common in their literature therefore they
            were many words in these languages which were almost identical.
                  However there were also many words in the two languages
            which were different, and some of them were borrowed into
            English, such nouns as: bull, cake, egg, kid, knife, skirt, window
            etc, such adjectives as: flat, ill, happy, low, odd, ugly, wrong,
            such verbs as: call, die, guess, give, scream and many others.
            Even some pronouns and connective words were borrowed which
            happens very seldom, such as: same, both, till, fro, though and
            pronominal forms with “th”: they, them, their.
                  Scandinavian influenced the development of phrasal verbs
            which did not exist in Old English, at the same time some
            prefixed verbs came out of usage, e.g. ofniman, beniman. Phrasal
            verbs are now highly productive in English (take off, give in etc.).

                  German borrowings.
                  There are some 800 words borrowed from German into
            English. Some of them have classical roots, e.g. in some
            geological terms, such as: cobalt, bismuth, zink, quarts, gneiss,
            wolfram. There are also words denoting objects used in everyday
            life which were borrowed from German: iceberg, lobby, rucksack,
            Kindergarten etc.



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