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Ex. 7. GRAMMAR REVISION: phrasal Verbs.
Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and adverb, or a verb and preposi-
tion - to switch on
, to look through, etc. Often they are difficult to understand be-
cause they have not only their normal meanings but also mean something differ-
ent.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to phrasal verbs.
A. 1. Who will look after the children while you go out to work? 2. The two brothers
look so much alike that even their own mother can hardly tell the difference between them.
3. She looked at him in great surprise wondering what he meant. 4. What results are you
looking for? 5. Looking through a magazine in the doctor’s waiting room I found a photo-
graph of my own daughter’s wedding. 6. If you don’t know the meaning of a word, look it
up in a good dictionary.
B. 1. We had to take the whole engine apart to discover the cause of the trouble.
2. These books are for reading in the library and may not be taken away. 3. I’m sorry,
I took you for your brother, you’re so much alike. 4. Taking off his coat, he jumped into
the river to save the drowning child. 5. The government has promised to take over the re-
sponsibility for paying people hurt by criminals.
C. 1. I wanted to make a dress but I didn’t know how to set about it. 2. Mothers are
well-known for setting the needs of the family above their own interests. 3. This is not
what I set out to learn when I took this course six months ago. 4. A special committee was
set up to examine the details and causes of this accident. 5. The washing machine broke
down again, so we called the repairman to see if he could set it right. 6. The committee’s
plans are set forward in the report.
D. 1. In his new book, the writer has switched from his usual poetic style to a
plainer manner. 2. Why did you switch off the radio? I was enjoying the music. 3. With
this special instrument, you can set the cooker to switch on by itself while you’re out.
4. The power machine will be switched over at midnight.
Read the text and translate it with a dictionary if necessary.
C
ONSTRUCTIONAL WORKS ON RAILWAYS AND MOTORWAYS
(1) By the term ‘constructional works’ we mean the structures used instead of the
permanent way or subgrade at the intersection with different obstacles. Constructional
works are aimed to protect the permanent way against the unfavorable environment effects
or natural calamities and disasters. The term incorporates the following structures: bridges,
viaducts, aqueducts, overbridges, trestle bridges, culverts, tunnels, galleries. The function
of these structures is quite different from that of the civil engineering structures, that is
why the term does not include buildings, wells, garages etc., though they are also man-
made structures.
(2) Constructional works are the most complicated ones and involve great expenses.
Their share ranges from 15 to 20 per cent of the total capital investment for the road con-
struction. But as a rule the total length of the constructional works does not exceed 5 or 6
per cent of the road length.
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