Пособие по переводу английской научно-технической литературы. Орлова Г.Д. - 131 стр.

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Текст 2. Computers Design for Tomorrow

Since structures for construction equipment

are becoming increasingly complex, engineers

are turning to computers for help with future

designs. One computer technique used

extensively is the finite-element method. In this

technique, structures are represented by simple

elements such as rods or shells. The resulting

network of elements serves as a mathematical model of the structure. Data from this

model is fed into a computer that determines the behavior of the machine during

operation.

Computer output data is presented graphically on CRT displays, and the designer

observes how the equipment deflects under load, allowing him to pinpoint high-stress

areas where the structure should be strengthened. Beam models with few elements show

approximate deflections, while fine-mesh models with large numbers of elements reveal

detailed stress patterns.

Computers also are useful for developing systems of linkages such as front-end

loader bucket assemblies. Designers previously relied on lengthy mathematical

expressions and built trial-and-error models to develop such mechanisms. Now, special

kinematic programs speed the design process. Some kinematic programs synthesize

entire mechanisms from statements defining the required output movement. Other

programs analyze the effectiveness of existing mechanisms.

Designers are using these computer techniques to develop construction equipment

of the future. Experts say that such equipment will be increasingly articulated, with

bodies and many functional parts possibly made of high-strength plastic. The machines