Пособие по переводу английской научно-технической литературы. Орлова Г.Д. - 152 стр.

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The planning process does not necessarily have to be accomplished in the sequence

outlined here. Different phases of the process can be implemented simultaneously. Two

important points should be kept in mind, however. First, all phases of the process are

absolutely necessary; second, they should be tailored to the specific type of plan and

environment involved.

Barriers to effective planning

Planning is not easy. The manager who believes it is, probably is not an effective

planner. Recognizing why planning is difficult will put you on guard against the pitfalls

and give you a head start in avoiding them.

Tedium: Managers don't like to plan because planning is a repetitive and tedious

process. The manager must examine all the feasible alternatives and document possible

scenarios so that, given any plausible eventuality, he has prepared a response that will

lead to his goal. He must check and recheck to make sure that all alternatives have been

identified, and that proper weights have been assigned to those alternatives. This is a

laborious, desk-bound activity. Indeed, a good planner must have a great amount of

patience and perseverance.

Inappropriate attitudes: Rarely are business failures or poor decisions the result

of too much planning; instead, they can usually be traced to the conviction that "I don't

need a plan; I am sure I can handle whatever develops." This attitude, characterized as

"shooting from the hip," should be distinguished from "paralysis by analysis," in which

the manager refuses to plan until he has "complete" information – which, of course, he

will never have. Such attitudes are guaranteed to prevent planning, or to make whatever

planning is done ineffective.

Too little time and money: This problem is itself often the result of poor

planning. What many managers fail to recognize is that planning is a good

investment. Since planning is basically a form of preventive action, the payoff will be

far greater than the costs incurred.