Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 23 стр.

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23
Form. Conjunctions are invariable.
Function
. (a) They connect any two words, phrases or clauses. (b) In a
sentence, conjunctions are never a special part of it. They either connect
homogeneous parts of a sentence or homogeneous clauses (the so-called co-
ordinating conjunctions), or they join a subordinate clause to its head clause (the
so-called subordinating conjunctions).
10. Particles
Meaning
. The meaning of particles is very hard to define. We might say,
approximately, that they denote subjective shades of meaning introduced by the
speaker or writer and serving to emphasise or limit some point in what he says.
Form
. Particles are invariable.
Function
. (a) Particles may combine with practically every part of speech,
more usually preceding it (only three), but occasionally following it (for advanced
students only). (b) Particles never are a separate part of a sentence. They enter the
part of the sentence formed by the word (or phrase) to which they refer. (It might
also be argued that particles do not belong to any part of a sentence.)
11. Interjections
Meaning. Interjections express feelings (ah, alas). They are not names of
feelings but the immediate expression of them. Some interjections represent noises,
etc., with a strong emotional colouring (bang!).
Form
. Interjections are invariable.
Function
. (a) Interjections usually do not enter into phrases. Only in a few
cases do they combine with a preposition and noun or pronoun, e.g. alas for him!
(b) In a sentence an interjection forms a kind of parenthesis. An interjection may
also be a sentence in itself, e. g. Alas! as an answer to a question.
Generally speaking, the problem of words’ classification into parts of speech
is far from being solved. Some words cannot find their proper place. The most
striking example here is the class of adverbs. Some language analysts call it a
ragbag, a dustbin (Frank Palmer), Russian academician V.V.Vinogradov defined

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