Уравнения математической физики. Уравнение колебаний струны. Хуснутдинов Н.Р. - 5 стр.

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0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.05 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.1 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.15 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.2 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.25 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.3 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.35 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.45 cek
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 2
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0.5 cek
v = 2 / , l = 1 , h = (4 π)
3
× cos(ω
n
t) sin(
πnx
l
)
=
l
2
3
(4 π) cos(ω
1
t) sin(
πx
l
) + cos(ω
2
t) sin(
2πx
l
)
+
4 + 3π
27
cos(ω
3
t) sin(
3πx
l
) + . . .
.
t
t = 1
ν = 1
ω
1
= πv/l = 2π
c
1
c
2
c
1
c
2
= 0,
c
1
e
l
λ
c
2
e
l
λ
= 0.
1 1
e
l
λ
e
l
λ
= e
l
λ
+ e
l
λ
= 0
µ =
0, ±
π
l
, ±
2π
l
, . . .
c
2
= c
1
X(x) = 2c
1
cos(µx).
µ =
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x
- 1
1
2
u
t= 0 cek
f(x)
x = 0
x = l
F (x) = 0
0
µ
µ =
πn
l
, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
X(x) = 2c
1
cos(
πnx
l
).
(ω
n
= πnv/l)
u(x, t) =
α
0
2
+
X
n=1
[α
n
cos ω
n
t + β
n
sin ω
n
t]
× cos(
πnx
l
),
   u                                     u                                     u                                         2.2   Ñâîáîäíûå êîëåáàíèÿ ñòðóíû êîíå÷íîé äëèíû.
  2                  t=0 cek             2                t=0.05 cek           2                t=0.1 cek
  1                                      1                                     1
                                                                                                                                    Îäíîðîäíûå ãðàíè÷íûå óñëîâèÿ (2b).
       0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                  x          0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                                                        x          0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                                                                                                x      àññìîòðèì äàëåå âòîðîé òèï îäíîðîäíûõ ãðàíè÷íûõ óñëîâèé
                                                                                                                    (2b), íàçûâàåìûõ îáû÷íî óñëîâèÿìè Íåéìàíà. Ôîðìà ðåøåíèÿ (6)
 -1                                     -1                                    -1
 -2                                     -2                                    -2

   u                                     u                                     u
                                                                                                                    íå èçìåíèòñÿ. Íî ïîñêîëüêó òèï ãðàíè÷íûõ óñëîâèé èçìåíèëñÿ, òî
  2                 t=0.15 cek           2                t=0.2 cek            2                t=0.25 cek          ýòî ïðèâåäåò ê èçìåíåíèþ ñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé íà ïîñòîÿííûå c1 è c2 .
  1                                      1                                     1                                    Ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùóþ ñèñòåìó óðàâíåíèé:
                                    x                                     x                                     x
                                                                                                                                                 c − c2 √      = 0,
       0.25   0.5     0.75      1            0.25   0.5     0.75      1            0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                                                                                                                        
 -1                                     -1                                    -1                                                                √ 1
                                                                                                                                               l λ        −l λ
 -2                                     -2                                    -2                                                          c1 e     − c2 e      = 0.
   u                                     u                                     u
                                                                                                                    Óñëîâèå ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ íåòðèâèàëüíîãî ðåøåíèÿ
  2                 t=0.3 cek            2                t=0.35 cek           2                t=0.4 cek
  1                                      1                                     1                                                         1      −1√                √
                                                                                                                                                                    λ
                                                                                                                                                                               √
                                  x                                     x                                     x                           √
                                                                                                                                         l λ              = −e−l        + el       λ
                                                                                                                                                                                       =0
 -1
       0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                        -1
                                             0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                                                              -1
                                                                                   0.25   0.5     0.75      1                        e         −e−l λ
 -2                                     -2                                    -2
                                                                                                                    èìååò òîò æå âèä, ÷òî è â ïðåäûäóùåì ïàðàãðàå, è ïîýòîìó µ =
                                                                                                                                 l , . . ., íî èçìåíèëàñü ñâÿçü ìåæäó êîíñòàíòàìè: c2 = c1 .
                                                                                                                    0, ± πl , ± 2π
   u                                     u
  2                 t=0.45 cek           2                t=0.5 cek
                                                                                                                    Ïîñëåäíåå ïðèâîäèò ê òîìó, ÷òî îðìà ðåøåíèÿ èçìåíèòñÿ
  1                                      1

       0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                    x        0.25   0.5     0.75      1
                                                                          x                                                                     X(x) = 2c1 cos(µx).
 -1                                     -1
 -2                                     -2
                                                                                                                     u                             Òåïåðü íåëüçÿ îòáðàñûâàòü ðåøåíèå ñ µ =
                                                                                                                     2                             0, ïîñêîëüêó ýòî ðåøåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåòðè-
èñ. 2: Íà ðèñóíêàõ èçîáðàæåíà îðìà ñòðóíû â ðàçëè÷íûå ìîìåíòû âðåìåíè.                                              1                            âèàëüíûì. Âñëåäñòâèå ÷åòíîñòè óíêöèè
Ñòðóíà çàêðåïëåíà íà êîíöàõ, âíåøíèå ñèëû îòñóòñòâóþò. Âûáðàíû ñëåäóþùèå                                                                           êîñèíóñ, ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü òîëüêî ïî-
                             v = 2ì/ñåê, l = 1ì, h = (4 − π)/π 3 ì.                                                                              x
çíà÷åíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ:
                                                                                                                            0.25  0.5   0.75   1   ëîæèòåëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ µ. Èòàê, ñïåêòð â
                                                                                                                    -1                 t=0 cek     ýòîì ñëó÷àå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ íóëÿ
                                     πnx                                                                                                                       πn
              ×       cos(ωn t) sin(      )                                                                         èñ. 3: Íà÷àëüíàÿ îðìà                µ=      , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
                                      l                                                                                                                          l
                                                                                                                    f (x) ñòðóíû, êàñàòåëüíàÿ ê
                        l2
                             
                                                    πx                  2πx
              =            3
                              (4 − π) cos(ω1 t) sin( ) + cos(ω2 t) sin(     )                                       êîòîðîé â òî÷êàõ x = 0 è       à ñîáñòâåííûå óíêöèè èìåþò âèä
                      hπ                             l                   l                                          x = l ðàâíà íóëþ. Íà÷àëüíàÿ
                                                                                                                                                                               πnx
                                                                                                                    ñêîðîñòü êàæäîé òî÷êè ñòðó-
                                                                                                                                                             X(x) = 2c1 cos(         ).
                                                         
                       4 + 3π                 3πx
              +                cos(ω3 t) sin(     ) + ... .                                                         íû îòñóòñòâóåò F (x) = 0.                                    l
                          27                   l
                                                                                                                         Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîëó÷àåì ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è (ωn = πnv/l)
Íà ðèñóíêå 2 èçîáðàæåíî äâèæåíèå ñòðóíû â òå÷åíèè ïîëóïåðèî-                                                                                         ∞
                                                                                                                                               α0 X
äà. Ïðè äàëüíåéøåì óâåëè÷åíèè t îðìà ñòðóíû áóäåò ìåíÿòüñÿ â                                                                     u(x, t) =      +     [αn cos ωn t + βn sin ωn t]
îáðàòíîì ïîðÿäêå, è â ìîìåíò t = 1ñåê ñòðóíà âåðíåòñÿ â èñõîäíîå                                                                               2   n=1
ïîëîæåíèå. Ëèíåéíàÿ ÷àñòîòà êîëåáàíèé òàêîé ñòðóíû ν = 1 ö. Ýòî                                                                                           πnx
                                                                                                                                                   × cos(     ),                            (11)
âèäíî èç òîãî, ÷òî îñíîâíîé òîí ñòðóíû ω1 = πv/l = 2π .                                                                                                     l

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