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Theme 3.
Trade. Money. Marketing.
1. Read and translate the text. Answer the questions after the text.
What Is International Trade?
When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money
they earn to import Swiss chocolate — or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or a vacation in
Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each
country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or
exported to other countries.
The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the
use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international
borders. Although global trade is often added up in U.S. dollars, the trading itself
involves various currencies. Japanese videocassette recorders are paid for in Euros
in Berlin, and German cars are paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea,
Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies as
diverse as Turkish liras and Mexican pesos.
Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a
resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows
out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two-way street, and with a
minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes
everyone better off.
In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to
buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, a government
allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import
the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer.
Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have
different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by
erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including
those people whose barriers were meant to protect.
The Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, spread around the world
when the United States decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As
other countries retaliated, trade plumered, jobs were lost, and the world entered into
a long period of economic decline.
1. What is the basic idea of international trade?
2. What is the main difference between domestic and international trade?
3. How can you consider trade barriers?
4. What is the difference between trade and investment?
5. What were the sequences of the Great Depression of the 1930s?
Because there is so muc
h variety offered, newspapers try to package the
information in a form you can easily recognize and use. They separate “hard news”
- that is, news about important events - from information dealing with familiar
everyday living. For this reason, the newspapers are divided into sections. In large
daily newspapers there may be ten sections or more. National and international
news will fill the first section, with the most important news of the day usually
found on page one. Local news stories are usually reported in another section in
large metropolitan newspapers; however, they will also be found throughout the
paper. The local stories the paper thinks are most important will be located on or as
close to the front page as possible.
Sports news often has its own special section within the paper, as do the
“want ads.” Social news, householdliving advice, and women’s features are often
placed in special sections, as are automotive news and comics.
Within these sections, as with the first page, it’s relatively easy to detect
which stories the newspaper feels are most important. Those stories will be found
at the top of the page and have headline type size which catches your immediate
attention. Often, a picture signals an important story in the view of the newspaper.
A smaller headline or a location on one of the inside pages indicates that the news
in a particular story isn’t as important as that in more eye-catching stories the
newspaper is carrying.
To locate a story quickly, it is important to learn the pattern your
newspaper follows in presenting the news in a way that is most convenient.
3. Read the following magazine article to learn more information on the
problem “Television and children”. Discuss the impact of TV on different age
and social groups.
Television and Children.
Parents and other groups are not concerned only with TV violence aimed
at children. They are also bothered by some non-violent content. Research by the
National Council on Alcoholism, for example, found that before a child reaches
the age of 18, he or she will watch someone drink alcohol on television an average
of 100,000 times. George Gerber, dean of the Annenberg School of
Communications at the University of Pennsylvania, points out that having a drink
is an effective dramatic device for TV programming.
Another concern regarding TV's influence on children developed in the
1980s when commercial enterprises began exploiting children by reaching into
actual program content to sell their products. This new concern developed after the
FCC began deregulating the television industry in the 1980s. This hands-off policy
toward TV encouraged toy makers to begin producing their own programs, a
practice that had been abandoned after the quiz-show scandal of 1959. Such toy
manufacturers as Hasbro, Bradley, Mattel, Coleco, Kenner, Tomy, Tonka, Selchow
& Righter and even CBS Toys joined forces with animation houses to produce
children's shows that featured planned and existing toys. These product-oriented
entertainment shows were in reality 30-minute commercials.
21 44
Because there is so much variety offered, newspapers try to package the Theme 3.
information in a form you can easily recognize and use. They separate “hard news” Trade. Money. Marketing.
- that is, news about important events - from information dealing with familiar
everyday living. For this reason, the newspapers are divided into sections. In large 1. Read and translate the text. Answer the questions after the text.
daily newspapers there may be ten sections or more. National and international
news will fill the first section, with the most important news of the day usually What Is International Trade?
found on page one. Local news stories are usually reported in another section in When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money
large metropolitan newspapers; however, they will also be found throughout the they earn to import Swiss chocolate — or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or a vacation in
paper. The local stories the paper thinks are most important will be located on or as Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each
close to the front page as possible. country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or
Sports news often has its own special section within the paper, as do the exported to other countries.
“want ads.” Social news, householdliving advice, and women’s features are often The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the
placed in special sections, as are automotive news and comics. use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international
Within these sections, as with the first page, it’s relatively easy to detect borders. Although global trade is often added up in U.S. dollars, the trading itself
which stories the newspaper feels are most important. Those stories will be found involves various currencies. Japanese videocassette recorders are paid for in Euros
at the top of the page and have headline type size which catches your immediate in Berlin, and German cars are paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea,
attention. Often, a picture signals an important story in the view of the newspaper. Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies as
A smaller headline or a location on one of the inside pages indicates that the news diverse as Turkish liras and Mexican pesos.
in a particular story isn’t as important as that in more eye-catching stories the Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a
newspaper is carrying. resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows
To locate a story quickly, it is important to learn the pattern your out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two-way street, and with a
newspaper follows in presenting the news in a way that is most convenient. minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes
everyone better off.
3. Read the following magazine article to learn more information on the In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to
problem “Television and children”. Discuss the impact of TV on different age buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, a government
and social groups. allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import
the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer.
Television and Children. Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have
Parents and other groups are not concerned only with TV violence aimed different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by
at children. They are also bothered by some non-violent content. Research by the erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including
National Council on Alcoholism, for example, found that before a child reaches those people whose barriers were meant to protect.
the age of 18, he or she will watch someone drink alcohol on television an average The Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, spread around the world
of 100,000 times. George Gerber, dean of the Annenberg School of when the United States decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As
Communications at the University of Pennsylvania, points out that having a drink other countries retaliated, trade plumered, jobs were lost, and the world entered into
is an effective dramatic device for TV programming. a long period of economic decline.
Another concern regarding TV's influence on children developed in the
1980s when commercial enterprises began exploiting children by reaching into
actual program content to sell their products. This new concern developed after the 1. What is the basic idea of international trade?
FCC began deregulating the television industry in the 1980s. This hands-off policy 2. What is the main difference between domestic and international trade?
toward TV encouraged toy makers to begin producing their own programs, a 3. How can you consider trade barriers?
practice that had been abandoned after the quiz-show scandal of 1959. Such toy 4. What is the difference between trade and investment?
manufacturers as Hasbro, Bradley, Mattel, Coleco, Kenner, Tomy, Tonka, Selchow 5. What were the sequences of the Great Depression of the 1930s?
& Righter and even CBS Toys joined forces with animation houses to produce
children's shows that featured planned and existing toys. These product-oriented
entertainment shows were in reality 30-minute commercials.
44 21
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