Деловые переговоры на иностранном языке. Английский язык. Часть 1. Лазаричева Е.С. - 25 стр.

                                                                                                From the 8th to the 11th century, the Vikings and Varangians traded as
18. broadcasting     трансляция,       57. self-interest      собственная выгода,     they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while
                     радиовещание,                            заинтересованность      Varangians to Russia. The Hanseatic League was an alliance of trading cities that
                     новостное вещание                                                maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic,
                                                                                      between the 13th and 17th centuries.
19. byproduct        сопутствующий           58. to usher     сопровождать,                     Vasco da Gama restarted the European Spice trade in 1498. Prior to his
                     продукт                                  представлять, вводить   sailing around Africa, the flow of spice into Europe was controlled by Islamic
20. hallenge         вызов                   59. to tend      иметь тенденцию         powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and
                                                                                      helped spur the Age of Exploration. Spices brought to Europe from distant lands
21. comprehensive    оригинал-макет в        60. to promote   продвигать              were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling
                     натуральную                                                      gold.
                     величину                                                                   In the 16th century, Holland was the centre of free trade, imposing no
22. content          содержание              61. response     ответ                   exchange controls, and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the East
                                                                                      Indies was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the Netherlands in the 17th
23. to cause         вызывать                62. revenue      доход                   century, and the British in the 18th century. The Spanish Empire developed regular
                     (следствие)                                                      trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.
24. to classify      классифицировать        63. relevant     соответствующий                   In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper An Inquiry into the Nature and
                                                                                      Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It criticised Mercantilism, and argued that
25. to compare       сравнивать              64. to quit      прекращать              economic specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the
                                                                                      division of labour was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries
26. to concentrate   концентрировать(ся) 65. toll-free        беспошлинный            having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and
27. to convince      убеждать                66. to suggest   предлагать              thereby become more productive.
                                                                                                In 1817, David Ricardo, James Mill and Robert Torrens showed that free
28. display           показ,                 67. trend        направление             trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory
                      демонстрация,                                                   of comparative advantage. In Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
                                             68. means        средства
                      шоу, дисплей                                                    Ricardo advanced the doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in
29. donation         пожертвование           69. teaser       рекламное               economics:
                                                              объявление;                       When an inefficient producer sends the merchandise it produces best to a
30. easy-to-read     легко читаемый                           «дразнилка»                       country able to produce it more efficiently, both countries benefit.
31. editor           редактор                                 (рекламное                        The Great Depression was a major economic recession that ran from 1929
                                                              сообщение, не           to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other
32. to emphasize     подчеркивать,                            сообщающее всей         economic indicators.
                     выделять                                 необходимой                       The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the
33. to encourage     ободрять,                                информации, но          depression. Only during the World War II the recession ended in United States.
                     поощрять                                 содержащее              Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the Bretton Woods Agreement,
34. entertainment    развлечение                              указание на то, что     intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and
                                                              отсутствующие           institutions to regulate the international political economy: the International
35. entire           целый, весь                              сведения будут          Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
36. to entertain     развлекать                               даны в                  (later divided into the World Bank and Bank for International Settlements). These
                                                              последующих             organizations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the
37. to establish     устанавливать                            публикациях)            agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the General Agreement on Tariffs and
                                                                                      Trade to promote free trade.
38. to expand        расширять(ся)
                                                                                           Free trade advanced further in the late 20th century and early 2000s:
39. to feature       изображать,                                                           • 1992 European Union lifted barriers to internal trade in goods and labour.
                     характеризовать                                                       • January 1, 1994 NAFTA took effect.

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