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2. Read, make a brief retelling.
The history of trade.
Trade is the exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called
commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of
trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Modern traders instead
generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result,
buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later
credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted
trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more
than two traders is called multilateral trade.
Trade exists for many reasons. Due to specialization and division of labor,
most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other products.
Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative
advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different
regions' size allows for the benefits of mass production. As such, trade at market
prices between locations benefits both locations.
Trading can also refer to the action performed by traders and other market
agents in the financial markets.
The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have
affected the trade between various countries.
In the era before the rise of the nation state, the term 'international' trade
cannot be literally applied, but simply means trade over long distances; the sort of
movement in goods which would represent international trade in the modern world.
Trade originated with the start of communication in prehistoric times.
Trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and
services from each other before the innovation of the modern day currency. Peter
Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.
There is evidence of the exchange of obsidian and flint during the stone
age. Materials used for creating jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BC.
Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, when Sumerians
in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. From
the beginning of Greek civilization until the fall of the Roman empire in the 5th
century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the far
east, including China. Roman commerce allowed its empire to flourish and endure.
The Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that
enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant piracy.
The fall of the Roman empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought
instability to Western Europe and a near collapse of the trade network.
Nevertheless some trade did occur. For instance, Radhanites were a medieval guild
or group of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the
Muslims of the Near East.
The Sogdians dominated the East-West trade route known as the Silk
Road after the 4th century AD up to the 8th century AD. They were the main
caravan merchants of Central Asia.
Theme 5.
Mass Media.
1. Read the article and complete the task which follows.
What is news?
What is news? The kind of event that becomes news depends on several
factors. When did it happen? To be news it must be immediate and current; today’s
newspaper is a record of what’s happening now. What happened? Was the event
significant or important? - if so, it’s news. How and where did it happen? Whom
did it happen to, and what may happen as a result? The answers to these questions
make up what we call news. News is the history of the day in the making, and
newspapers are the recorders of that history.
What kinds of stories make news? Accidents, murders, robberies, awful
fires - do only bad or sad events make news? It depends on what is happening on a
particular day. At first glance it may seem that newspapers print more “bad” news
than “good” news. On certain bad days that may be true, but if you survey the
stories in a typical edition of the newspaper, you may be surprised at the amount of
good news newspapers contain.
While it would be nice if only good news was reported, events make news
because they are out of the ordinary. To most people, a story that describes an
unusual happening is far more interesting than one about an ordinary event. It’s
important to remember that news is about what’s happening and if a significant
event happens, it’s news, good or bad.
1. Can you summarize what makes news?
2. What do you like reading about in newspapers?
2. Read and translate the text. Compare a newspaper to any other mass
medium. What are advantages and disadvantages of different mass media?
What is a newspaper?
A newspaper is a printed record of events that is made available to a large
number of people.
A newspaper does not make events happen. What it does is takes the raw
material - the facts - from an event and presents it as news, in a way that its readers
can understand.
But news is not everything a newspaper contains. There is an old saying
that you can’t please everyone, so don’t try to. A newspaper can’t please everyone
either, but it does try very hard to have something interesting for everyone to read.
Newspapers are magic. They have the power to take you anywhere in the
world. They introduce you to other people and invite you to try something new.
Compared with any other medium of communication, the newspaper offers the
widest choice of information to the greatest number of people.
22 43
2. Read, make a brief retelling. Theme 5.
Mass Media.
The history of trade.
Trade is the exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called 1. Read the article and complete the task which follows.
commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of
trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Modern traders instead What is news?
generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, What is news? The kind of event that becomes news depends on several
buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later factors. When did it happen? To be news it must be immediate and current; today’s
credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted newspaper is a record of what’s happening now. What happened? Was the event
trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more significant or important? - if so, it’s news. How and where did it happen? Whom
than two traders is called multilateral trade. did it happen to, and what may happen as a result? The answers to these questions
Trade exists for many reasons. Due to specialization and division of labor, make up what we call news. News is the history of the day in the making, and
most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other products. newspapers are the recorders of that history.
Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative What kinds of stories make news? Accidents, murders, robberies, awful
advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different fires - do only bad or sad events make news? It depends on what is happening on a
regions' size allows for the benefits of mass production. As such, trade at market particular day. At first glance it may seem that newspapers print more “bad” news
prices between locations benefits both locations. than “good” news. On certain bad days that may be true, but if you survey the
Trading can also refer to the action performed by traders and other market stories in a typical edition of the newspaper, you may be surprised at the amount of
agents in the financial markets. good news newspapers contain.
The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have While it would be nice if only good news was reported, events make news
affected the trade between various countries. because they are out of the ordinary. To most people, a story that describes an
In the era before the rise of the nation state, the term 'international' trade unusual happening is far more interesting than one about an ordinary event. It’s
cannot be literally applied, but simply means trade over long distances; the sort of important to remember that news is about what’s happening and if a significant
movement in goods which would represent international trade in the modern world. event happens, it’s news, good or bad.
Trade originated with the start of communication in prehistoric times.
Trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and 1. Can you summarize what makes news?
services from each other before the innovation of the modern day currency. Peter 2. What do you like reading about in newspapers?
Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.
There is evidence of the exchange of obsidian and flint during the stone
age. Materials used for creating jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BC. 2. Read and translate the text. Compare a newspaper to any other mass
Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, when Sumerians medium. What are advantages and disadvantages of different mass media?
in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. From
the beginning of Greek civilization until the fall of the Roman empire in the 5th What is a newspaper?
century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the far A newspaper is a printed record of events that is made available to a large
east, including China. Roman commerce allowed its empire to flourish and endure. number of people.
The Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that A newspaper does not make events happen. What it does is takes the raw
enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant piracy. material - the facts - from an event and presents it as news, in a way that its readers
The fall of the Roman empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought can understand.
instability to Western Europe and a near collapse of the trade network. But news is not everything a newspaper contains. There is an old saying
Nevertheless some trade did occur. For instance, Radhanites were a medieval guild that you can’t please everyone, so don’t try to. A newspaper can’t please everyone
or group of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the either, but it does try very hard to have something interesting for everyone to read.
Muslims of the Near East. Newspapers are magic. They have the power to take you anywhere in the
The Sogdians dominated the East-West trade route known as the Silk world. They introduce you to other people and invite you to try something new.
Road after the 4th century AD up to the 8th century AD. They were the main Compared with any other medium of communication, the newspaper offers the
caravan merchants of Central Asia. widest choice of information to the greatest number of people.
22 43
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