Практика англоязычной межкультурной коммуникации. Залялеева А.Р. - 6 стр.

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на северо-западе - горы Хибины. К востоку от Урала - Западно-Сибирская
равнина, окаймленная на юге горами Южной Сибири (Алтай, Саяны, горы
Прибайкалья, Забайкалья и др.). Между Енисеем и Леной расположено
Среднесибирское плоскогорье, между Леной и Тихим океаном - хребты и
нагорья Северо-Восточной Азии. Климат изменяется от морского на край-
нем северо-западе до резко континентального в Сибири и муссонного на
Дальнем Востоке. Средние температуры января от 0 до - 50 °С, июля от 1
до 25 °С. Осадков от 150 до 2000 мм в год. Во многих районах Сибири и
Дальнего Востока - многолетняя мерзлота. Наиболее крупные реки: Лена,
Иртыш, Енисей, Обь, Волга, Амур; крупнейшие озера - Каспийское (море),
Байкал, Ладожское, Онежское. На территории России (с севера на юг) рас-
полагаются зоны: арктическая пустыня, тундровая, лесотундровая, лесная,
лесостепная, степная, полупустынная (Прикаспийская низменность). Ме-
сторождения нефти, природного газа, угля, железных руд, апатитов, калий-
ных солей, фосфоритов, руд цветных, редких и драгоценных металлов, ал-
мазов и др. 85 заповедников и 25 природных национальных парков (1993).


                                HISTORY OF RUSSIA
     Exercise 6. Translate into Russian paying attention to Russian-culture xenonyms.
      Tradition says the Viking Rurik came to Russia in 862 and founded the first
Russian dynasty in Novgorod. The various tribes were united by the spread of
Christianity in the 10th and 11th centuries; Vladimir "the Saint" was converted in
988. During the 11th century, the grand dukes of Kiev held such centralizing
power as existed. In 1240, Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols, and the Russian
territory was split into numerous smaller dukedoms. Early dukes of Moscow ex-
tended their dominion over other Russian cities through their office of tribute col-
lector for the Mongols and because of Moscow's role as an administrative and
trade center.
      In the late 15th century, Duke Ivan III acquired Novgorod and Tver and
threw off the Mongol yoke. Ivan IV, the Terrible (1533-1584), first Muscovite czar,
is considered to have founded the Russian state. He crushed the power of rival
princes and boyars (great landowners), but Russia remained largely medieval
until the reign of Peter the Great (1689-1725), grandson of the first Romanov
czar, Michael (1613-1645). Peter made extensive reforms aimed at westerniza-
tion and, through his defeat of Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava in
1709, he extended Russia's boundaries to the west. Catherine the Great (1762-
1796) continued Peter's westernization program and also expanded Russian ter-
ritory, acquiring the Crimea, Ukraine, and part of Poland. During the reign of
Alexander I (1801-1825), Napoleon's attempt to subdue Russia was defeated
(1812-1813), and new territory was gained, including Finland (1809) and Bes-
sarabia (1812). Alexander originated the Holy Alliance, which for a time crushed
Europe's rising liberal movement.
      Alexander II (1855-1881) pushed Russia's borders to the Pacific and into
central Asia. Serfdom was abolished in 1861, but heavy restrictions were im-
posed on the emancipated class. Revolutionary strikes, following Russia's defeat
in the war with Japan, forced Nicholas II (1894-1917) to grant a representative